CCC-Led White Papers

  • Algorithmic Robustness

    October 2023

    David Jensen, Brian LaMacchia, Ufuk Topcu, and Pamela Wisniewski

    For citation use: Jensen D., LaMacchia B., Topcu U., and Wisniewski P. (2023). Algorithmic Robustness. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

    [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
    @techreport{david jensen2023algorithmic,
      author={David Jensen, Brian LaMacchia, Ufuk Topcu, and Pamela Wisniewski},
      title={Algorithmic Robustness},
      institution={Computing Community Consortium},
      year={2023},
      number={White Paper 1},
      address={Washington, D.C.},
      month={4},
      url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/10/Algorithmic-Robustness-Whitepaper.pdf}
    }
    • Mid-cycle Update to the US National Robotics Roadmap

      April 2023

      Henrik I. Christensen and Holly Yanco

      For citation use: Christensen H., and Yanco H. (2023). Mid-cycle Update to the US National Robotics Roadmap. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

      [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
      @techreport{henrik i christensen 2023mid,
        author={Henrik I Christensen and Holly Yanco},
        title={Mid-cycle Update to the US National Robotics Roadmap},
        institution={Computing Community Consortium},
        year={2023},
        number={White Paper 1},
        address={Washington, D.C.},
        month={4},
        url={https://cra.org/ccc/robotics-mid-cycle-white-paper/},
        note={}
      }
      • Fostering Responsible Computing Research Report Recommendations for Computing Research Institutions: Actionable Steps

        January 2023

        Elizabeth Bradley, Tracy Camp, Haley Griffin, and Ann W. Schwartz

        For citation use: Bradley E., Camp T., Griffin H., and Schwartz A.W. (2022). Fostering Responsible Computing Research Report Recommendations for Computing Research Institutions: Actionable Steps. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/ 

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{elizabeth bradley2023fostering,
          author={Elizabeth Bradley, Tracy Camp, Haley Griffin, and Ann W. Schwartz.
        }, title={Fostering Responsible Computing Research Report Recommendations for Computing Research Institutions: Actionable Steps}, institution={Computing Community Consortium}, year={2023}, number={White Paper 1}, address={Washington, D.C.}, month={1}, url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2023/01/Responsible-Computing-Research-Whitepaper-Final-1-1.pdf}, note={} }
      • Research Opportunities in Evidence-Based Elections

        January 2022

        Josh Benaloh, Philip B. Stark, Vanessa Teague, Melanie Volkamer, and Dan Wallach

        For citation use: Benaloh J., Stark P.B., Teague V., Volkamer M., and Wallach D. (2022). Research Opportunities in Evidence-Based Elections. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/ 

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{josh benaloh2022research,
          author={Josh Benaloh, Philip B. Stark, Vanessa Teague, Melanie Volkamer, and Dan Wallach.
        }, title={Research Opportunities in Evidence-Based Elections}, institution={Computing Community Consortium}, year={2022}, number={White Paper 1}, address={Washington, D.C.}, month={1}, url={https://cra.org/ccc/Research-Opportunities-in-Evidence-Based-Elections}, note={} }
      • Computing Research for the Climate Crisis

        August 2021

        Nadya Bliss, Elizabeth Bradley, Claire Monteleoni

        For citation use: Bliss, N., Bradley, E., Monteleoni, C. (2021) Computing Research for the Climate Crisis 2021. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{nadya bliss2021computing,
          author={Nadya Bliss, Elizabeth Bradley, Claire Monteleoni},
          title={Computing Research for the Climate Crisis},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2021},
          number={White Paper 3},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={8},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/08/Computing-Research-and-Climate-Change-—-August-2021.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • National Discovery Cloud 2021

        April 2021

        Ian Foster, Daniel Lopresti, Bill Gropp, Mark Hill, Katie Schuman

        For citation use: Foster I., Lopresti D., Gropp B., Hill M., & Schuman K. (2021) National Discovery Cloud 2021. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{ian foster2021national,
          author={Ian Foster, Daniel Lopresti, Bill Gropp, Mark Hill, Katie Schuman},
          title={National Discovery Cloud 2021},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2021},
          number={White Paper 1},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={1},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/04/CCC-Whitepaper-National-Discovery-Cloud-2021.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • A National Research Agenda for Intelligent Infrastructure: 2021 Update

        December 2020

        Daniel Lopresti and Shashi Shekhar

        For citation use: Lopresti D. & Shekhar S. (2020) A National Research Agenda for Intelligent Infrastructure: 2021 Update. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{daniel lopresti 2021national,
          author={Daniel Lopresti and Shashi Shekhar},
          title={A National Research Agenda for Intelligent Infrastructure: 2021 Update},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2021},
          number={White Paper 1},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={1},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2021/01/A-National-Research-Agenda-for-Intelligent-Infrastructure\_-2021-Update-FINAL.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Evolving Methods for Evaluating and Disseminating Computing Research

        July 2020

        Benjamin Zorn, Tom Conte, Keith Marzullo, and Suresh Venkatasubramanian

        For citation use: Zorn B., Conte T., Marzullo K., & Venkatasubramanian S. (2020) Evolving Methods for Evaluating and Disseminating Computing Research. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{benjamin zorn2020evolving,
          author={Benjamin Zorn, Tom Conte, Keith Marzullo, and Suresh Venkatasubramanian},
          title={Evolving Methods for Evaluating and Disseminating Computing Research},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2020},
          number={White Paper 2},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={7},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/06/Evolving-Methods-for-Evaluating-and-Disseminating-Computing-Research.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • 5G Security and Privacy – A Research Roadmap

        March 2020

        Elisa Bertino, Syed Rafiul Hussain, and Omar Chowdhury

        For citation use: Bertino E., Hussain S. R., & Chowdhury O. (2020) 5G Security and Privacy – A Research Roadmap. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{elisa bertino20205g,
          author={Elisa Bertino, Syed Rafiul Hussain, and Omar Chowdhury},
          title={5G Security and Privacy – A Research Roadmap},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2020},
          number={White Paper 1},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={3},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/03/5G-Security-and-Privacy-A-Research-Roadmap.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Evolving Academia/Industry Relations in Computing Research

        June 2019

        Shwetak Patel, Jennifer Rexford, Benjamin Zorn, and Greg Morriset

        For citation use: Patel S., Rexford J., Zorn B., & Morrisett G. (2019) Evolving Academia/Industry Relations in Computing Research. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{shwetak patel2019evolving,
          author={Shwetak Patel, Jennifer Rexford, Benjamin Zorn, and Greg Morriset},
          title={Evolving Academia/Industry Relations in Computing Research},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2019},
          number={White Paper 1},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={6},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/Evolving-AcademiaIndustry-Relations-in-Computing-Research.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Research Opportunities and Visions for Smart and Pervasive Health

        June 2017

        Elizabeth Mynatt, Gregory D. Hager, Santosh Kumar, Ming Lin, Shwetak Patel, Jack Stankovic, and Helen Wright

        For citation use: Mynatt E., Hager G. D., Santosh K., Lin M., Patel S., Stankovic J., & Wright H. (2017) Research Opportunities and Visions for Smart and Pervasive Health https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{elizabeth mynatt2017research,
          author={Elizabeth Mynatt, Gregory D. Hager, Santosh Kumar, Ming Lin, Shwetak Patel, Jack Stankovic, and Helen Wright},
          title={Research Opportunities and Visions for Smart and Pervasive Health},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2017},
          number={White Paper 18},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={6},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/06/SmartandPervasiveHealth-White-Paper-June-2017.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Democratizing Design for Future Computing Platforms

        June 2017

        Luis Ceze, Mark D. Hill, Karthikeyan Sankaralingam, and Thomas F. Wenisch

        For citation use: Ceze L., Hill M. D., Sankaralingam K., & Wenisch T. F. (2017) Democratizing Design for Future Computing Platforms https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{luis ceze2017democratizing,
          author={Luis Ceze, Mark D. Hill, Karthikeyan Sankaralingam, and Thomas F. Wenisch},
          title={Democratizing Design for Future Computing Platforms},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2017},
          number={White Paper 17},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={6},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/01/DemocratizingDesignforFutureComputingPlatforms-v2.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Advanced Cyberinfrastructure for Science, Engineering, and Public Policy

        June 2017

        Vasant G. Honavar, Katherine Yelick, Klara Nahrstedt, Holly Rushmeier, Jennifer Rexford, Mark D. Hill, Elizabeth Bradley, and Elizabeth Mynatt

        For citation use: Honavar V. G., Yelick K., Nahrstedt K., Rushmeier H., Rexford J., Hill M. D., Bradley E., & Mynatt E. (2017) Advanced Cyberinfrastructure for Science, Engineering, and Public Policy https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{vasant g. honavar2017advanced,
          author={Vasant G. Honavar, Katherine Yelick, Klara Nahrstedt, Holly Rushmeier, Jennifer Rexford, Mark D. Hill, Elizabeth Bradley, and Elizabeth Mynatt},
          title={Advanced Cyberinfrastructure for Science, Engineering, and Public Policy},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2017},
          number={White Paper 16},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={6},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/06/AdvancedCyberinfrastructureforAcceleratingScience-v2.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Big Data, Data Science, and Civil Rights

        June 2017

        Solon Barocas, Elizabeth Bradley, Vasant Honavar, and Foster Provost

        For citation use: Barocas S., Bradley E., Honavar V., & Provost F. (2017) Big Data, Data Science, and Civil Rights. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{solon barocas2017big,
          author={Solon Barocas, Elizabeth Bradley, Vasant Honavar, and Foster Provost},
          title={Big Data, Data Science, and Civil Rights},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2017},
          number={White Paper 15},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={6},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/06/BigDataDataScienceandCivilRights-v6.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Challenges to Keeping the Computer Industry Centered in the US

        March 2017

        Thomas M. Conte, Erik P. Debenedictis, R. Stanley Williams, and Mark D. Hill

        For citation use: Conte T. M., Debenedictis E. P., Williams R. S., & Hill M. D. (2017) Challenges to Keeping the Computer Industry Centered in the US. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{thomas m. conte2017challenges,
          author={Thomas M. Conte, Erik P. Debenedictis, R. Stanley Williams, and Mark D. Hill},
          title={Challenges to Keeping the Computer Industry Centered in the US},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2017},
          number={White Paper 4},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={3},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/03/ChallengestoKeepingtheComputerIndustryCenteredintheUS\_Draftv1.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Safety, Security, and Privacy Threats Posed by Accelerating Trends in the Internet of Things

        February 2017

        Kevin Fu, Tadayoshi Kohno, Daniel Lopresti, Elizabeth Mynatt, Klara Nahrstedt, Shwetak Patel, Debra Richardson, and Ben Zorn

        For citation use: Fu K., Kohno T., Lopresti D., Mynatt E., Nahrstedt K., Patel S., Richardson D., & Zorn B., (2017). Safety, Security, and Privacy Threats Posed by Accelerating Trends in the Internet of Thingshttps://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{kevin fu2017safety,,
          author={Kevin Fu, Tadayoshi Kohno, Daniel Lopresti, Elizabeth Mynatt, Klara Nahrstedt, Shwetak Patel, Debra Richardson, and Ben Zorn},
          title={Safety, Security, and Privacy Threats Posed by Accelerating Trends in the Internet of Things},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2017},
          number={White Paper 3},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={2},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/02/Safety-Security-and-Privacy-Threats-in-IoT.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Advances in Artificial Intelligence Require Progress Across all of Computer Science

        February 2017

        Gregory D. Hager, Randal Bryant, Eric Horvitz, Maja Matarić, and Vasant Honavar

        For citation use: Hager G., Bryant R., Horvitz E., Matarić M., & Honavar V., (2017). Advances in Artificial Intelligence Require Progress Across all of Computer Sciencehttps://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{gregory d. hager2017advances,
          author={Gregory D. Hager, Randal Bryant, Eric Horvitz, Maja Matarić, and Vasant Honavar},
          title={Advances in Artificial Intelligence Require Progress Across all of Computer Science},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2017},
          number={White Paper 2},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={2},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/01/CCC-AI-Systems-2017-FINAL.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Privacy-Preserving Data Analysis for the Federal Statistics Agencies

        January 3rd, 2017

        John Abowd, Lorenzo Alvisi, Cynthia Dwork, Sampath Kannan, Ashwin Machanavajjhala, and Jerome Reiter

        For citation use: Abowd J., Alvisi L., Dwork C., Kannan S., Machanavajjhala A., & Reiter J., (2017). Privacy-Preserving Data Analysis for the Federal Statistics Agencies. A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{john abowd2017privacy,
          author={John Abowd, Lorenzo Alvisi, Cynthia Dwork, Sampath Kannan, Ashwin Machanavajjhala, and Jerome Reiter},
          title={Privacy-Preserving Data Analysis for the Federal Statistics Agencies},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2017},
          number={White Paper 1},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={1},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/01/CCCPrivacyTaskForcePaperRevised-FINAL.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Arch2030: A Vision of Computer Architecture Research over the Next 15 Years

        December 7th, 2016

        Luis Ceze, Mark D. Hill, and Thomas F. Wenisch

        For citation use: Ceze L., Hill M. D., & Wenisch T. F., (2016). Arch2030: A Vision of Computer Architecture Research over the Next 15 Years: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{luis ceze2016arch2030,
          author={Luis Ceze, Mark D. Hill, and Thomas F. Wenisch},
          title={Arch2030: A Vision of Computer Architecture Research over the Next 15 Years},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2016},
          number={White Paper 5},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={12},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/12/15447-CCC-ARCH-2030-report-v3-1-1.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Next Generation Robotics

        June 9th, 2016

        Henrik I Christensen, Allison Okamura, Maja Mataric, Vijay Kumar, Greg Hager, and Howie Choset

        For citation use: Christensen H. I., Okamura A., Mataric M., Kumar V., Hager G., & Choset H., (2016). Next Generation Robotics: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{henrik i christensen2016next,
          author={Henrik I Christensen, Allison Okamura, Maja Mataric, Vijay Kumar, Greg Hager, and Howie Choset},
          title={Next Generation Robotics},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2016},
          number={White Paper 5},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={6},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/06/15097-CCC-Next-Gen-Whitepaper-v4.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • The Future of Computing Research: Industry-Academia Collaborations

        May 6th, 2016

        Nady Boules, Khari Douglas, Stuart Feldman, Limor Fix (Organizer), Gregory Hager (Organizer), Brent Hailpern (Organizer), Martial Hebert, Dan Lopresti, Beth Mynatt, Chris Rossbach, and Helen Wright

        For citation use: Boules N., Douglas K., Feldman S., Fix L., Hager G., Hailpern B., Hebert M., Lopresti D., Mynatt E., Rossbach C., & Wright H.V., (2016). The Future of Computing Research: Industry-Academia Collaborations, Version 2: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{nady boules2016future,
          author={Nady Boules, Khari Douglas, Stuart Feldman, Limor Fix, Gregory Hager, Brent Hailpern, Martial Hebert, Dan Lopresti, Beth Mynatt, Chris Rossbach, and Helen Wright},
          title={The Future of Computing Research: Industry-Academia Collaborations},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2016},
          number={White Paper 4},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={5},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/06/15125-CCC-Industry-Whitepaper-v4-1.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Accelerating Science: A Computing Research Agenda White Paper

        February 22, 2016

        Vasant G. Honavar, Mark D. Hill, and Katherine Yelick

        For citation use: Honavar V., Hill M., & Yelick K. (2016). Accelerating Science: A Computing Research Agenda: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{vasant g. honavar2016accelerating,
          author={Vasant G. Honavar, Mark D. Hill, and Katherine Yelick},
          title={Accelerating Science: A Computing Research Agenda White Paper},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2016},
          number={White Paper 3},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={2},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2016/02/Accelerating-Science-Whitepaper-CCC-Final2.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • The Importance of Computing Education Research

        January 14, 2016

        Steve Cooper, Jeff Forbes, Armando Fox, Susanne Hambrusch, Amy Ko, and Beth Simon

        For citation use: Cooper S., Forbes J., Fox A., Hambrusch S., Ko A., & Simon B. (2016). The Importance of Computing Education Research: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{steve cooper2016importance,
          author={Steve Cooper, Jeff Forbes, Armando Fox, Susanne Hambrusch, Amy Ko, and Beth Simon},
          title={The Importance of Computing Education Research},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2016},
          number={White Paper 2},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={1},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2022/07/CSEdResearchWhitePaper2016-v3.docx.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Smart Communities Internet of Things

        January 12, 2016

        Klara Nahrstedt, Daniel Lopresti, Ben Zorn, Ann W. Drobnis, Beth Mynatt, Shwetak Patel, and Helen V. Wright

        For citation use: Nahrstedt K., Lopresti D., Zorn B., Drobnis A. W., Mynatt B., Patel S., & Wright H. V. (2016). Smart Communities Internet of Things: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{klara nahrstedt2016smart,
          author={Klara Nahrstedt, Daniel Lopresti, Ben Zorn, Ann W. Drobnis, Beth Mynatt, Shwetak Patel, and Helen V. Wright},
          title={Smart Communities Internet of Things},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2016},
          number={White Paper 1},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={1},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/01/SmartCity-whitepaper-v9.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Next Generation Computing Challenges

        October 19, 2015

        Gregory D. Hager, Mark D. Hill, and Katherine Yelick

        For citation use: Hager G. D., Hill M. D., & Yelick K. (2015). Opportunities and Challenges for Next Generation Computing: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{gregory d. hager2015next,
          author={Gregory D. Hager, Mark D. Hill, and Katherine Yelick},
          title={Next Generation Computing Challenges},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2015},
          number={White Paper 13},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={10},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/10/NextGenComputingChallenges.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Systems Computing Challenges in the Internet of Things

        September 2015

        Rajeev Alur, Emery Berger, Ann W. Drobnis, Limor Fix, Kevin Fu, Gregory D. Hager, Daniel Lopresti, Klara Nahrstedt, Elizabeth Mynatt, Shwetak Patel, Jennifer Rexford, John A. Stankovic, and Benjamin Zorn

        For citation use: Alur R., Berger E., Drobnis A. W., Fix L., Fu K., Hager G. D., . . . Zorn B. (2015). Systems Computing Challenges in the Internet of Things: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{rajeev alur2015systems,
          author={Rajeev Alur, Emery Berger, Ann W. Drobnis, Limor Fix, Kevin Fu, Gregory D. Hager, Daniel Lopresti, Klara Nahrstedt, Elizabeth Mynatt, Shwetak Patel, Jennifer Rexford, John A. Stankovic, and Benjamin Zorn},
          title={Systems Computing Challenges in the Internet of Things},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2015},
          number={White Paper 12},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={9},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/09/IoTSystemsChallenges.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Video Analysis for Body-worn Cameras in Law Enforcement

        August 2015

        Jason J. Corso, University of Michigan; Alexandre Alahi, Stanford University; Kristen Grauman, University of Texas at Austin; Gregory D. Hager, Johns Hopkins University, CCC; Louis-Philippe Morency, Carnegie Mellon University; Harpreet Sawhney, SRI; Yaser Sheikh, Carnegie Mellon University

        For citation use: Corso J. C., Alahi A., Grauman K., Hager G. D., Morency L., Sawhney H., & Sheikh Y. (2015). Video Analysis for Body-worn Cameras in Law Enforcement: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{jason j. corso2015video,
          author={Jason J. Corso, Alexandre Alahi, Kristen Grauman, Gregory D. Hager, Louis-Philippe Morency, Harpreet Sawhney, and Yaser Sheikh},
          title={Video Analysis for Body-worn Cameras in Law Enforcement},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2015},
          number={White Paper 11},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={8},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/01/CCCWhitepaperonBodyCamerasinLawEnforcement.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • National Privacy Research Strategy

        May 2015

        Towards a Privacy Research Roadmap for the Computing Community

        For citation use: Cranor L., Rabin T., Shmatikov V., Vadhan S., & Weitzner D. (2015). Towards a Privacy Research Roadmap for the Computing Community: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{lorrie cranor2015national,
          author={Lorrie Cranor, Tal Rabin, Vitaly Shmatikov, and Daniel Weitzner},
          title={National Privacy Research Strategy},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2015},
          number={White Paper 1},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={5},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/01/CCC-National-Privacy-Research-Strategy.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • 21st Century Computer Architecture

        May 25, 2012

        A community white paper

        For citation use: Hill M. D., Adve S., Ceze L., Irwin M. J., Kaeli D., Martonosi M., . . . Yelick K. (2012). 21st Century Computer Architecture: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{sarita adve201221st,
          author={Sarita Adve, Luis Ceze, Mark D. Hill, Mary Jane Irwin, David Kaeli, Margaret Martonosi, Josep Torellas, Thomas F. Wenisch, David Wood, and Katherine Yelick},
          title={21st Century Computer Architecture},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2012},
          number={White Paper 2},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={5},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/21stcenturyarchitecturewhitepaper.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Challenges and Opportunities with Big Data

        February 2012

        A community white paper developed by leading researchers across the United States

        For citation use: Agrawal D., Bernstein P., Bertino E., Davidson S., Dayal U., Franklin M., . . . . Widom J. (2012). Challenges and Opportunities with Big Data: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{divyakant agrawal2012challenges,
          author={Divyakant Agrawal, Philip Bernstein, Elisa Bertino, Susan Davidson, Umeshwar Dayal, Michael Franklin, Johannes Gehrke, Laura Haas, Alon Halevy, Jiawei Han, H. V. Jagadish, Alexandros Labrinidis, Sam Madden, Yannis Papakonstantinou, Jignesh M. Patel, Raghu Ramakrishnan, Kenneth Ross, Cyrus Shahabi, Dan Suciu, Shiv Vaithyanathan, and Jennifer Widom},
          title={Challenges and Opportunities with Big Data},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2012},
          number={White Paper 1},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={2},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/bigdatawhitepaper.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • A National Initiative in Emergency Informatics

        November 3, 2010

        Robin R. Murphy, Texas A&M University

        For citation use: Murphy R. R. (2010). A National Initiative in Emergency Informatics: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX]
        @techreport{robin r. murphy2010national,
          author={Robin R. Murphy},
          title={A National Initiative in Emergency Informatics},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2010},
          number={White Paper 10},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={9},
          note={}
        }
      • Information Technology Research Challenges for Healthcare – From Discovery to Delivery

        May 25, 2010

        Susan Graham, University of California, Berkeley; Deborah Estrin, University of California, Los Angeles;
        Eric Horvitz, Microsoft Research; Isaac Kohane, Harvard University; Elizabeth Mynatt, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Ida Sim, University of California, San Francisco

        For citation use: Graham S., Estrin D., Horvitz E., Kohane I., Mynatt E., & Sim I. (2010). Information Technology Research Challenges for Healthcare: From Discovery to Delivery: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{susan graham2010information,
          author={Susan Graham, Deborah Estrin, Eric Horvitz, Isaac Kohane, Elizabeth Mynatt, and Ida Sim},
          title={Information Technology Research Challenges for Healthcare - From Discovery to Delivery},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2010},
          number={White Paper 1},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={5},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Information\_Technology\_Research\_Challenges\_for\_Healthcare.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Fundamental Research in Engineering

        December 12, 2009

        Ed Lazowska, University of Washington and Peter Lee, Carnegie Mellon University

        For citation use: Lazowska E. & Lee P. (2009). Fundamental Research in Engineering: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{ed lazowska 2009fundamental,
          author={Ed Lazowska and Peter Lee},
          title={Fundamental Research in Engineering},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2009},
          number={White Paper 6},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={12},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Fundamental\_Research\_in\_Engineering.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Information Technology and America’s Energy Future

        July 29, 2009

        David Waltz, Columbia University, and John King, University of Michigan

        For citation use: Waltz D. & King J. (2009). Information Technology and America’s Energy Future: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{david waltz 2009information,
          author={David Waltz and John King},
          title={Information Technology and America’s Energy Future},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2009},
          number={White Paper 5},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={7},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/itandenergy.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Unleashing Waves of Innovation: Transformative Broadband for America’s Future

        April 18, 2009

        Ed Lazowska, University of Washington and the Computing Community Consortium; Larry Smarr, Calit2 and UCSD; Peter Lee, Carnegie Mellon University and the Computing Research Association; Chip Elliott, BBN Technologies and the GENI Project Office; Tom West, National LambdaRail; David Lassner, University of Hawaii; Doug Van Houweling, Internet2; Gary Bachula, Internet2; Louis Fox, WICHE, and Tim Lance, NYSERNet

        For citation use: Lazowska E., Smarr L., Lee P., Elliott C., West T., Van Houweling D., . . . Lance T. (2009). Unleashing Wave of Innovation: Transformative Broadband for America’s Future: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{ed lazowska2009unleashing,
          author={Ed Lazowska, Larry Smarr, Peter Lee, Chip Elliott, Tom West, David Lassner, Doug Van Houweling, Gary Bachula, Louis Fox, and Tim Lance},
          title={Unleashing Waves of Innovation: Transformative Broadband for America’s Future},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2009},
          number={White Paper 4},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={4},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Unleashing.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Robotics

        March 17, 2009

        Rodney Brooks, MIT

        For citation use: Brooks R. (2009). Robotics: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{rodney brooks2009robotics,
          author={Rodney Brooks},
          title={Robotics},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2009},
          number={White Paper 3},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={3},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Robotics.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Surface Transportation 3.0

        February 18, 2009

        Sebastian Thrun, Stanford University, and Henry Kelly, Federation of American Scientists

        For citation use: Thrun S. & Kelly H. (2009). Surface Transportation 3.0: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{sebastian thrun 2009surface,
          author={Sebastian Thrun and Henry Kelly},
          title={Surface Transportation 3.0},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2009},
          number={White Paper 2},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={2},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Surface\_Transportation\_3.0.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Security is Not a Commodity: The Road Forward for Cybersecurity Research

        February 3, 2009

        Stefan Savage, UC San Diego, and Fred B. Schneider, Cornell University

        For citation use: Savage S. & Schneider F. B. (2009). Security is Not a Commodity: The Road Forward for Cybersecurity Research: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{sebastian thrun 2009security,
          author={Sebastian Thrun and Henry Kelly},
          title={Security is Not a Commodity: The Road Forward for Cybersecurity Research},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2009},
          number={White Paper 1},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={2},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Cybersecurity.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Big-Data Computing

        December 22, 2008

        Randal E. Bryant, Carnegie Mellon University, Randy H. Katz, University of California, Berkeley, and Edward D. Lazowska, University of Washington

        For citation use: Bryant R. E., Katz R. H., & Lazowska E. D. (2008). Big-Data Computing: Creating revolutionary breakthroughs in commerce, science, and society: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{r2008big,
          author={Randal E. Bryant, Randy H. Katz, and Edward D. Lazowska},
          title={Big-Data Computing: Creating revolutionary breakthroughs in commerce, science, and society},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2008},
          number={White Paper 13},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={12},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Big\_Data.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Cyber-Physical Systems: A National Priority for Federal Investment in Infrastructure and Competitiveness

        December 22, 2008

        Janos Sztipanovits, Vanderbilt University, and John Stankovic, University of Virginia

        For citation use: Sztipanovits J. & Stankovic J. (2008). Cyber-Physical Systems: A National Priority for Federal Investment in Infrastructure and Competitiveness: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{janos sztipanovits 2008cyber,
          author={Janos Sztipanovits and John Stankovic},
          title={Cyber-Physical Systems: A National Priority for Federal Investment in Infrastructure and Competitiveness},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2008},
          number={White Paper 12},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={12},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Cyber-Physical\_Systems.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Infrastructure for eScience and eLearning in Higher Education

        December 22, 2008

        Ed Lazowska, University of Washington, Peter Lee, Carnegie Mellon University, Chip Elliott, BBN Technologies, and Larry Smarr, UCSD

        For citation use: Lazowska E., Lee P., Elliott C., & Smarr L. (2008). Infrastructure for eScience and eLearning in Higher Education: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{ed lazowska2008infrastructure,
          author={Ed Lazowska, Peter Lee, Chip Elliott, and Larry Smarr},
          title={Infrastructure for eScience and eLearning in Higher Education},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2008},
          number={White Paper 11},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={12},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Infrastructure.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • “Smart Grid”: R&D for an Intelligent 21st Century Electrical Energy Distribution Infrastructure

        December 19, 2008

        Randy H. Katz, UC Berkeley

        For citation use: Katz R. H. (2008). “Smart Grid”: R&D for an Intelligent 21st Century Electrical Energy Distribution Infrastructure: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{r2008smart,
          author={Randy H. Katz},
          title={Smart Grid: R\&D for an Intelligent 21st Century Electrical Energy Distribution Infrastructure},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2008},
          number={White Paper 10},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={12},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Energy\_Grid.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Information Technology R&D and U.S. Innovation

        December 18, 2008

        Peter Harsha, Computing Research Association, Ed Lazowska, University of Washington, and Peter Lee, Carnegie Mellon University

        For citation use: Harsha P., Lazowska E., & Lee P. (2008). Information Technology R&D and U.S. Innovation: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{peter harsha2008information,
          author={Peter Harsha, Ed Lazowska, and Peter Lee},
          title={Information Technology R\&D and U.S. Innovation},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2008},
          number={White Paper 9},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={12},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Information\_Technology\_RD\_and\_U.S.\_Innovation-1.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Quality of Life Technology

        December 16, 2008

        Howard Wactlar, Carnegie Mellon University, and Takeo Kanade, Carnegie Mellon University

        For citation use: Wactlar H. & Kanade T. (2008). Quality of Life Technology: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{howard wactlar 2008quality,
          author={Howard Wactlar and Takeo Kanade},
          title={Quality of Life Technology},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2008},
          number={White Paper 8},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={12},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Quality\_of\_Life\_Technology.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Innovation in Networking

        December 14, 2008

        Nick McKeown, Stanford University, Guru Parulkar, Stanford University, and Jennifer Rexford, Princeton University

        For citation use: McKeown N., Parulkar G., & Rexford J. (2008). Innovation in Networking: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{nick mckeown2008innovation,
          author={Nick McKeown, Guru Parulkar, and Jennifer Rexford},
          title={Innovation in Networking},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2008},
          number={White Paper 7},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={12},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Networking.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Computer Architecture

        December 12, 2008

        David Patterson, University of California, Berkeley

        For citation use: Patterson D. (2008). The Future of Computer Architecture: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{david patterson2008future,
          author={David Patterson},
          title={The Future of Computer Architecture},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2008},
          number={White Paper 6},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={12},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Computer\_Architecture.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • The Ocean Observatories Initiative

        December 12, 2008

        John Delaney, University of Washington, John Orcutt, Scripps Institute of Oceanography and Robert Weller, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

        For citation use: Delaney J., Orcutt J., & Weller R. (2008). Green Jobs in a Blue World: Measuring Change and Managing Opportunity in the World Oceans: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{john delaney2008green,
          author={John Delaney, John Orcutt, and Robert Weller},
          title={Green jobs in a blue world: Measuring change and managing opportunity in the world oceans},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2008},
          number={White Paper 5},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={12},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/OOI.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • P4 Medicine

        December 12, 2008

        Leroy Hood, Institute for Systems Biology, and David Galas, Battelle Memorial Institute

        For citation use: Hood L. & Galas D. (2008). P4 Medicine: Personalized, Predictive, Preventive, Participatory: A Change of View that Changes Everything: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{leroy hood 2008p4,
          author={Leroy Hood and David Galas},
          title={P4 Medicine: Personalized, Predictive, Preventive, Participatory A Change of View that Changes Everything},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2008},
          number={White Paper 4},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={12},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/P4\_Medicine.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Quantum Computing

        December 12, 2008

        Scott Aaronson, MIT, and Dave Bacon, University of Washington

        For citation use: Aaronson S. & Bacon D. (2008). Quantum Computing and the Ultimate Limits of Computation: The Case for a National Investment: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{scott aaronson 2008quantum,
          author={Scott Aaronson and Dave Bacon},
          title={Quantum Computing and the Ultimate Limits of Computation: The Case for a National Investment},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2008},
          number={White Paper 3},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={12},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Quantum\_Computing.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Re-Envisioning DARPA

        December 12, 2008

        Peter Lee, Carnegie Mellon University and Randy H. Katz, UC Berkeley

        For citation use: Lee P. & Katz R. H. (2008). Re-Envisioning DARPA: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{peter lee 2008re,
          author={Peter Lee and Randy H. Katz},
          title={Re-Envisioning DARPA},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2008},
          number={White Paper 2},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={12},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Re-Envisioning\_DARPA.pdf},
          note={}
        }
      • Synthetic Biology

        December 12, 2008

        Drew Endy and Ed Lazowska

        For citation use: Endy D. & Lazowska E. (2008). The Imperative of Synthetic Biology: A Proposed National Research Initiative: A white paper prepared for the Computing Community Consortium committee of the Computing Research Association. https://cra.org/ccc/resources/ccc-led-whitepapers/

        [BibTeX] [Download PDF]
        @techreport{drew endy 2008imperative,
          author={Drew Endy and Ed Lazowska},
          title={The Imperative of Synthetic Biology: A Proposed National Research Initiative},
          institution={Computing Community Consortium},
          year={2008},
          number={White Paper 1},
          address={Washington, D.C.},
          month={12},
          url={https://cra.org/ccc/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2015/05/Synthetic\_Biology.pdf},
          note={}
        }